Franklin D. Roosevelt; the only president to ever have served more than 2 terms.
Accomplishments and Challenges Constitutional: 1. Civilian Conservation Corps:
· Gave jobs to millions of people for a variety of projects around the country. · This was a Constitutional Power because it was an Executive Order, meaning it does not have to pass through Congress for approval. 2. Signing the declaration of war on Japan. 3.
Quote: "Are you laboring under the impression that I read these memoranda of yours? I can't even lift them." Roosevelt is basically thumbing his nose at them; for Executive Orders, he can basically do what he wants.
Shared: 1. Social Security Act: · Perhaps one of the most important and long-lasting changes that come from Roosevelt’s presidency. · This was a Shared Power, it had to go through the courts before being passed. 2. Emergency Banking Act: · Occurred during the Great Depression and declared a 4-day holiday so banks could recover. · Shared Power, Congress had to okay it before it could be enacted. 3.National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): · By unanimous decision in the Supreme Court, this Act was blocked on grounds that it was unconstitutional. · This is a Shared Power because it was revised and the next year, an altered version of it was passed by the name of Securities and Exchange Commission (Wall Street regulations).
Quote: “We pay now for the dreadful consequence of economic insecurity—and dearly. This plan presents a more equitable and infinitely less expensive means of meeting these costs.” Roosevelt support the SS Act because it helped those who were unemployed, obviously important for the Depression. He also mentioned that by encouraging the elderly to retire, it would create new jobs for younger people.
Dependent: 1.
Loony: 1. “Court Packing Plan”: · The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Roosevelt was frustrated about Congress blocking several of his New Deal proposals, so he proposed that the President be granted the power to appoint more Justices for the Supreme Court in order to put more people who supported the New Deal in power. · This was a loony bill because the Roosevelt tried to bypass the House altogether and take it straight to the Senate.
Quote: "· “Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely.” Roosevelt was frustrated with the Court because it limited what he could do.
Executive Priviledge:
Executive Order: Executive Order 8802: the policy of the United States to encourage full participation in the national defense program by all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin, in the firm belief that the democratic way of life within the Nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups within its borders
Sources: "Franklin D. Roosevelt." American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
President Franklin Roosevelt Cabinet
Cabinet Positions: Secretary of State: Cordell Hull, 1933-1944 Edward R. Stettinius Jr. 1944-1945 Cordell Hull helped the president’s term in office. He received the noble peace prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, which was referred to by President Roosevelt.
Edward R. Stettinius Jr. hindered the president’s term in office. He was offered the position of United States ambassador to the United Nations. He made the decision to return a Russian Codebook to the Soviet Union. This hampered US efforts to decode Russian cables.
Postmaster General: James A. Farley 1933-1940 Frank C. Walker 1940-1945
James A. Farley helped Franklin Roosevelt. He was referred to as a political “kingmaker” and was responsible for Roosevelt’s rise to the presidency. His work on the Hoover Commission would lead to the development and ratification of the 22nd amendment.
Frank C. Walker resigned in July to allow the new president to appoint his own postmaster general; he was named an alternate delegate to the first United Nations general assembly meeting in December 1945.
Secretary of Treasury William H. Woodin (1933-34) Woodin was a positive influence on the administration because he was at the forefront of the Banking Holiday that started FDR’s New Deal. He resigned in 1934 due to health issues.
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1934-45) Morgenthau played an important role in being a part of FDR’s cabinet. He was heavily participant in designing and financing parts of the New Deal and before WWII, dealt in foreign policies that included helping Jewish refugees. After WWII, he proposed the Morgenthau Plan, which restricted Germany’s military to prevent them from being a major power again.
Attorney General
Homer S. Cummings (1933-39) Cummings was beneficial towards the Roosevelt administration. He made many positive changes in law and the courts, including laws that made bank robbery a federal crimes and the establishment of Alcatraz. He was a major proponent of New Deal programs and argued for the government right to ban gold payments, as well as the right for the President to close banks (Banking Holiday).
Robert H. Jackson (1940-41) There isn’t very much information on his time as Attorney General but it seems like he was a good influence because Roosevelt chose him himself and in 1941, Roosevelt gave Jackson the Associate’s seat after it became vacant.
Francis Biddle (1941-45) It’s implied that he did good in the administration because he stayed under FDR and Truman as Attorney General. He developed committees to investigate loyalties.
Secretary of the Interior
Harold L. Ickes (1933-45) He was invaluable to the FDR administration, as is apparent by the fact that he was present in the cabinet for the entirety of Roosevelt’s presidency. As well as being the SOTI, he was also the director of the Public Works Administration, one of the successful programs of the New Deal. He also single-handedly refused the sale of helium to Germany, fearing they would use it for military uses (which they were).
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry A. Wallace (1933-40) Wallace was another long-lasting member of the cabinet. Though unpopular to the people for ordering the slaughtering of pigs and plowing of cotton fields in the rural parts of the country, it was necessary in order to increase the prices of those products to improve the financial situation of the farmers. In 1940, he was elected to run for Vice President alongside Roosevelt.
Claude R. Wickard (1940-45) Wickard proved to be quite valuable during WWII by directing the War Foods Administration. This administration promoted an increase in farm produced goods in order to promote patriotism and support on the home front.
Secretary Of Labor
Frances Perkins 1933-1945
Frances Perkins became the first woman to hold a cabinet position in the US and became the first woman to enter the presidential line of succession. She played a key role in the cabinet by writing the New Deal legislation, including minimum wage laws. But her most important contribution was in 1934 as chairwoman of the presidents committee on economic security. She was involved in all the aspects of the reports and hearings that resulted in the Social security act of 1935. She resigned when her husband died from federal service.
Secretary of War
Henry L. Stimson Henry L. Stimson -1867-1950
He helped F.D.R and was favored by him despite the fact that he was republican.
He served as Secretary of State under Herbert Hoover and Secretary of War under Taft and F.D.R.
He was in office up to the point in which Taft became president and staid until his death at 77 years of age.
Secretary of Navy Claude A. Swanson Frank Knox
Claude A. Swanson - 1862-1939
He also helped F.D.R and was appointed Secretary of NAVEY. Frank Knox – 1874- 1944
He helped F.D.R because he was a strong supporter of the new deal program.
Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Cooper Daniel C. Cooper - 1867- 1943
He was considered a very important member of F.D.R’s cabinet
Accomplishments and Challenges
Constitutional:
1. Civilian Conservation Corps:
· Gave jobs to millions of people for a variety of projects around the country.
· This was a Constitutional Power because it was an Executive Order, meaning it does not have to pass through Congress for approval.
2. Signing the declaration of war on Japan.
3.
Quote: "Are you laboring under the impression that I read these memoranda of yours? I can't even lift them." Roosevelt is basically thumbing his nose at them; for Executive Orders, he can basically do what he wants.
Shared:
1. Social Security Act:
· Perhaps one of the most important and long-lasting changes that come from Roosevelt’s presidency.
· This was a Shared Power, it had to go through the courts before being passed.
2. Emergency Banking Act:
· Occurred during the Great Depression and declared a 4-day holiday so banks could recover.
· Shared Power, Congress had to okay it before it could be enacted.
3.National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):
· By unanimous decision in the Supreme Court, this Act was blocked on grounds that it was unconstitutional.
· This is a Shared Power because it was revised and the next year, an altered version of it was passed by the name of Securities and Exchange Commission (Wall Street regulations).
Quote: “We pay now for the dreadful consequence of economic insecurity—and dearly. This plan presents a more equitable and infinitely less expensive means of meeting these costs.” Roosevelt support the SS Act because it helped those who were unemployed, obviously important for the Depression. He also mentioned that by encouraging the elderly to retire, it would create new jobs for younger people.
Dependent:
1.
Loony:
1. “Court Packing Plan”:
· The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Roosevelt was frustrated about Congress blocking several of his New Deal proposals, so he proposed that the President be granted the power to appoint more Justices for the Supreme Court in order to put more people who supported the New Deal in power.
· This was a loony bill because the Roosevelt tried to bypass the House altogether and take it straight to the Senate.
Quote: "· “Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely.” Roosevelt was frustrated with the Court because it limited what he could do.
Executive Priviledge:
Executive Order:
Executive Order 8802: the policy of the United States to encourage full participation in the national defense program by all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin, in the firm belief that the democratic way of life within the Nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups within its borders
Sources:
"Franklin D. Roosevelt." American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
President Franklin Roosevelt Cabinet
Cabinet Positions:
Secretary of State:
Cordell Hull, 1933-1944
Edward R. Stettinius Jr. 1944-1945
Cordell Hull helped the president’s term in office. He received the noble peace prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, which was referred to by President Roosevelt.
Edward R. Stettinius Jr. hindered the president’s term in office. He was offered the position of United States ambassador to the United Nations. He made the decision to return a Russian Codebook to the Soviet Union. This hampered US efforts to decode Russian cables.
Postmaster General:
James A. Farley 1933-1940
Frank C. Walker 1940-1945
James A. Farley helped Franklin Roosevelt. He was referred to as a political “kingmaker” and was responsible for Roosevelt’s rise to the presidency. His work on the Hoover Commission would lead to the development and ratification of the 22nd amendment.
Frank C. Walker resigned in July to allow the new president to appoint his own postmaster general; he was named an alternate delegate to the first United Nations general assembly meeting in December 1945.
Secretary of Treasury
William H. Woodin (1933-34)
Woodin was a positive influence on the administration because he was at the forefront of the Banking Holiday that started
FDR’s New Deal. He resigned in 1934 due to health issues.
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1934-45)
Morgenthau played an important role in being a part of FDR’s cabinet. He was heavily participant in designing and
financing parts of the New Deal and before WWII, dealt in foreign policies that included helping Jewish refugees. After WWII, he proposed the Morgenthau Plan, which restricted Germany’s military to prevent them from being a major power again.
Attorney General
Homer S. Cummings (1933-39)
Cummings was beneficial towards the Roosevelt administration. He made many positive changes in law and the courts,
including laws that made bank robbery a federal crimes and the establishment of Alcatraz. He was a major proponent of
New Deal programs and argued for the government right to ban gold payments, as well as the right for the President to
close banks (Banking Holiday).
Robert H. Jackson (1940-41)
There isn’t very much information on his time as Attorney General but it seems like he was a good influence because
Roosevelt chose him himself and in 1941, Roosevelt gave Jackson the Associate’s seat after it became vacant.
Francis Biddle (1941-45)
It’s implied that he did good in the administration because he stayed under FDR and Truman as Attorney General. He
developed committees to investigate loyalties.
Secretary of the Interior
Harold L. Ickes (1933-45)
He was invaluable to the FDR administration, as is apparent by the fact that he was present in the cabinet for the entirety
of Roosevelt’s presidency. As well as being the SOTI, he was also the director of the Public Works Administration, one of
the successful programs of the New Deal. He also single-handedly refused the sale of helium to Germany, fearing they
would use it for military uses (which they were).
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry A. Wallace (1933-40)
Wallace was another long-lasting member of the cabinet. Though unpopular to the people for ordering the slaughtering of
pigs and plowing of cotton fields in the rural parts of the country, it was necessary in order to increase the prices of those
products to improve the financial situation of the farmers. In 1940, he was elected to run for Vice President alongside
Roosevelt.
Claude R. Wickard (1940-45)
Wickard proved to be quite valuable during WWII by directing the War Foods Administration. This administration promoted
an increase in farm produced goods in order to promote patriotism and support on the home front.
Secretary Of Labor
Frances Perkins 1933-1945
Frances Perkins became the first woman to hold a cabinet position in the US and became the first woman to enter the presidential line of succession. She played a key role in the cabinet by writing the New Deal legislation, including minimum wage laws. But her most important contribution was in 1934 as chairwoman of the presidents committee on economic security. She was involved in all the aspects of the reports and hearings that resulted in the Social security act of 1935. She resigned when her husband died from federal service.
Secretary of War
Henry L. Stimson
Henry L. Stimson - 1867-1950
He helped F.D.R and was favored by him despite the fact that he was republican.
He served as Secretary of State under Herbert Hoover and Secretary of War under Taft and F.D.R.
He was in office up to the point in which Taft became president and staid until his death at 77 years of age.
Secretary of Navy
Claude A. Swanson
Frank Knox
Claude A. Swanson - 1862-1939
He also helped F.D.R and was appointed Secretary of NAVEY.
Frank Knox – 1874- 1944
He helped F.D.R because he was a strong supporter of the new deal program.
Secretary of Commerce
Daniel C. Cooper
Daniel C. Cooper - 1867- 1943
He was considered a very important member of F.D.R’s cabinet